Accounting Terminologies:
it is necessary to understand some basic accounting terms which are daily in business world. These terms are called accounting terminology.
Transaction:
“An event the recognition of which gives rise to an entry in accounting records. It is an event which results in change in the balance sheet equation. That is,which changes the value of assets and equity.
In a simple statement, transaction means the exchange of money or money’s worth from one account to another account, event like purchase and sale of goods, receipt and payment of cash for services or on personal accounts, loss or profit in dealing etc; are the transactions.”
Cash transaction, on the other hand, will not have ‘cash’ either received or paid,for something given or received respectively, but gives rise to debtor and creditor relationship. Non-cash transaction is one where the question, but receipt or payment of cash does not all arises, e.g. depreciation, return of goods etc.
Debtor:
a person who owes money to the firm mostly on account of credit sales of good is called debtor.
For example,
when goods are sold to a person on credit that person pays the price in future, he called a debtor because he owes the amount to the firm.
Creditors:
a person to whom money owes by the firm is called creditor.
For example
Madan is a creditor of the firm when goods are purchased on credit from him.
Capital:
it means the amount (in term of money or assets having money value) which the proprietor has invested in the firm or can claim from the firm. It is also known as owner’s equity or net worth. Owners equity means owner’s claim against the assets. It will always be equal to assets less liabilities, say:
capital= assets – liabilities.
Liabilities:
it means the amount which the firm owes to outsiders that is, excepting the proprietor. In the words of Finny and Miller. “liabilities are debts; they are amounts owed to creditors; thus the claims of those who are owners are called liabilities”. In simple terms, debt repayable to outsiders by the business are known as liabilities.
Assets:
any physical thing or right owned that has a money value is an assets. In other words, assets is that expenditure which results on acquiring of some property or benefits of a lasting nature.
Goods:
it is general term used for the articles in which the business deals; that is, only those articles which are bought for resale for profit are known as goods.
Revenue:
it means the amount which, as a result of operations, is added to the capital. It is defined as the inflow of assets which result in an increase in the owner’s equity. It includes all income like sales receipts, interest, commission, brokerage etc., however, receipts of capital nature like additional capital, sale of assets etc., are not apart of revenue.
Expense:
the terms ‘expense’ refers to the amount incurred in the process of earning revenue. If the benefit of an expenditure is limited to one year, it is treated as an expense(also known is as revenue expenditure) such as payment of salaries and rent.
Expenditure:
expenditure take place when an asset or service is required. The purchase of goods is expenditure, whereas cost of goods sold is an expense. Similarly, if an asset is acquired during the year, it is expenditure, if it is consumed during the same year; it is also an expense of the year.
Purchase:
buying of goods by the trader for selling them to his customers is known as purchases. As the trade is buying and selling of commodities purchase is the main function of trade. Here, the traders get possession of the goods which are not for own use but for resale. Purchases can be two types. Viz, cash purchases and credit purchases, if the payment is postponed, it is credit purchases.
Sales:
when the goods purchased are sold out, it is known as sales. Here, the possession and the ownership right over the goods are transferred to the buyer. It is known as. ‘business turnover’ or sales proceeds. It can be two types, viz.,, cash sales and credit sales. If the sale is for immediate cash payment, it is cash sales. If payment for sales is postponed , It is called sales.
Stock:
the goods purchased are for selling, if the goods are not sold out fully, a part of the total goods purchased is kept with the trader until it is sold out, it is to be a stock. If there is stock at the end of the accounting year, it is said to be a closing stock. This closing stock at the year end will be the opening stock for the subsequent year.
Drawing:
if the amount of money or the value of goods which the proprietor takes for his domestic or personal use. It is usually subtract from capital.
Losses:
loss really means something against which the firm receives no benefit. It represents money given up without any return. It may be noted that expense leads to revenue but losses do not.
Example, loss due to fire, theft and damage payable to others.
Account:
it is a statement of the various dealings which occur between a customer and the firm. It can also be expressed as a clear and concise record of the transaction relating to a person or a firm or a property (or assets) or a liabilities or an expense or an income.
Invoice:
while making a sale, the seller prepares a statement giving the particulars such as the quantity, price per unit, the total amount payable, any deductions made and show the net amount payable by the buyer. Such a statement is called an invoice.
Voucher:
a voucher is a written document in support of a transaction. It is a proof that a particular transaction has taken place for the value
stated in the voucher. Voucher is necessary to audit the accounts.
Proprietor:
the person who makes the investment and bears all the risks connected with the business is known as proprietor.
Discount:
when customers are allowed any type of deduction in the price of goods by the businessman then that very thing is called discount. When some discounts is allowed in the prices of goods on the basis of sales of the items, that is termed as trade discount, but when debtors are allowed some discount in prices of the goods for quick payment, that is termed as cash discount.
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